# pseudo_obs¶

copulae.core.misc.pseudo_obs(data, ties='average')[source]

Compute the pseudo-observations for the given data matrix

Parameters
• data ((N, D) ndarray) – Random variates to be converted to pseudo-observations

• ties (str, optional) –

The method used to assign ranks to tied elements. The options are ‘average’, ‘min’, ‘max’, ‘dense’ and ‘ordinal’.

average

The average of the ranks that would have been assigned to all the tied values is assigned to each value.

min

The minimum of the ranks that would have been assigned to all the tied values is assigned to each value. (This is also referred to as “competition” ranking.)

max

The maximum of the ranks that would have been assigned to all the tied values is assigned to each value.

dense

Like min, but the rank of the next highest element is assigned the rank immediately after those assigned to the tied elements. ‘ordinal’: All values are given a distinct rank, corresponding to the order that the values occur in a.

Returns

matrix or vector of the same dimension as data containing the pseudo observations

Return type

numpy array